We find ourselves in a bewildering world. We want to make sense of what we see around us and to ask: Whatis the nature of the universe? What is our place in it and where did it and we come from? Why is it the way it is?To try to answer these questions we adopt some “world picture.” Just as an infinite tower of tortoises supportingthe fiat earth is such a picture, so is the theory of superstrings. Both are theories of the universe, though thelatter is much more mathematical and precise than the former. Both theories lack observational evidence: noone has ever seen a giant tortoise with the earth on its back, but then, no one has seen a superstring either.However, the tortoise theory fails to be a good scientific theory because it predicts that people should be able tofall off the edge of the world. This has not been found to agree with experience, unless that turns out to be theexplanation for the people who are supposed to have disappeared in the Bermuda Triangle!
我們發現自已是處於使人為難的世界中。 我們要為自己在四周所看的一切賦予意義並問道：什麼是宇宙的性質？我們在它之中的位置如何， 以及宇宙和我們從何而來？為何它是這個樣子的？我們採用某種“世界圖”來試圖回答這些問題， 如同無限的烏龜塔——一個支持平坦的地球是這樣的一種圖像一樣， 超弦理論也是一種圖像。 雖然後者比前者更數學化、更精確， 但兩者都是宇宙的理論。 兩個理論都缺乏觀察的證據：沒人看到一個背負地球的大龜， 但也沒有人看到超弦。 然而， 龜理論作為一個好的科學理論是不夠格的，
The earliest theoretical attempts to describe and explain the universe involved the idea that events and naturalphenomena were controlled by spirits with human emotions who acted in a very humanlike and unpredictablemanner. These spirits inhabited natural objects, like rivers and mountains, including celestial bodies, like thesun and moon. They had to be placated and their favor sought in order to ensure the fertility of the soil and therotation of the seasons. Gradually, however, it must have been noticed that there were certain regularities: thesun always rose in the east and set in the west, whether or not a sacrifice had been made to the sun god.Further, the sun, the moon, and the planets followed precise paths across the sky that could be predicted inadvance with considerable accuracy. The sun and the moon might still be gods, but they were gods whoobeyed strict laws, apparently without any exceptions, if one discounts stories like that of the sun stopping forJoshua.
最早先在理論上描述和解釋宇宙的企圖牽涉到這樣的思想， 事件或自然現象是由具備人類感情的靈魂所控制， 它們的行為和人類非常相像， 並且是不可預言的。 這些靈魂棲息在自然物件之中， 諸如河流和山嶽， 包括諸如太陽和月亮這樣的天體之中。 它們必須被祈禱並供奉， 以保證土壤的肥沃和四季的變化。 然而， 一些規律性逐漸地被注意到：太陽總是東升西落， 而不管是否用犧牲去對之進貢。 更進一步， 太陽、月亮和行星沿著以被預言得相當精確的軌道穿越天穹。
At first, these regularities and laws were obvious only in astronomy and a few other situations. However, ascivilization developed, and particularly in the last 300 years, more and more regularities and laws werediscovered. The success of these laws led Laplace at the beginning of the nineteenth century to postulatescientific determinism; that is, he suggested that there would be a set of laws that would determine theevolution of the universe precisely, given its configuration at one time.
首先， 只有在天文學和一些其他情形下， 這些規則和定律是顯而易見的。 然而隨著文明的發展， 特別是近300年期間， 越來越多的規則和定律被發現。 這些定律的成功， 使得拉普拉斯在19世紀初主張科學的宿命論。 他提議只要給定宇宙在某一時刻的結構， 由給定的一組定律即能精確地決定它的演化。
Laplace’s determinism was incomplete in two ways. It did not say how the laws should be chosen and it did notspecify the initial configuration of the universe. These were left to God. God would choose how the universebegan and what laws it obeyed, but he would not intervene in the universe once it had started. In effect, Godwas confined to the areas that nineteenth-century science did not understand.
拉普拉斯的宿命論在兩個方面是不完整的。 它沒講定律應該如何選擇， 也沒指定宇宙的初始結構。 這些都留給了上帝。 上帝會選擇讓宇宙如何開始並要服從什麼定律， 但是一旦開始之後它將不再干涉。
We now know that Laplace’s hopes of determinism cannot be realized, at least in the terms he had in mind.The uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics implies that certain pairs of quantities, such as the position andvelocity of a particle, cannot both be predicted with complete accuracy.
我們現在知道， 拉普拉斯的宿命論的希望， 至少在按照他頭腦中的方式， 是不能實現的。 量子力學不確定性原理表明， 某些諸如粒子的位置和速度的對偶的量， 不能同時以完全的精確度去預言。
Quantum mechanics deals with thissituation via a class of quantum theories in which particles don’t have well-defined positions and velocities butare represented by a wave. These quantum theories are deterministic in the sense that they give laws for theevolution of the wave with time. Thus if one knows the wave at one time, one can calculate it at any other time.The unpredictable, random element comes in only when we try to interpret the wave in terms of the positionsand velocities of particles. But maybe that is our mistake: maybe there are no particle positions and velocities,but only waves. It is just that we try to fit the waves to our preconceived ideas of positions and velocities. Theresulting mismatch is the cause of the apparent unpredictability.
量子力學通過一族量子理論來處理這種情形， 粒子沒有很好定義的位置和速度， 而是由一個波來代表。 它們給出了這波隨時間演化的定律， 在這種意義上， 這些量子理論從屬於宿命論。 這樣， 如果某一時刻這個波是已知的， 便可以將任一時刻的波算出。 只是當我們試圖按照粒子的位置和速度對波作解釋之時， 不可預見性的紊亂的要素才出現。 但這也許是我們的錯誤：也許不存在粒子的位置和速度，
In effect, we have redefined the task of science to be the discovery of laws that will enable us to predict eventsup to the limits set by the uncertainty principle. The question remains, however: how or why were the laws andthe initial state of the universe chosen?
事實上， 我們已經重新將科學的任務定義為發現能使我們在由不確定性原理設定的極限內預言事件的定律。 然而， 還存在如下問題：宇宙的定律和初始條件是如何及為何選取的？
In this book I have given special prominence to the laws that govern gravity, because it is gravity that shapesthe large-scale structure of the universe, even though it is the weakest of the four categories of forces. Thelaws of gravity were incompatible with the view held until quite recently that the universe is unchanging in time:the fact that gravity is always attractive implies that the universe must be either expanding or contracting.According to the general theory of relativity, there must have been a state of infinite density in the past, the bigbang, which would have been an effective beginning of time. Similarly, if the whole universe recollapsed, theremust be another state of infinite density in the future, the big crunch, which would be an end of time. Even if thewhole universe did not recollapse, there would be singularities in any localized regions that collapsed to formblack holes. These singularities would be an end of time for anyone who fell into the black hole. At the big bangand other singularities, all the laws would have broken down, so God would still have had complete freedom tochoose what happened and how the universe began.
在本書中， 我特別將制約引力的定律突出出來， 因為正是引力使宇宙的大尺度結構成形， 即使它是四類力中最弱的一種。 引力定律和直到相當近代還被堅持的宇宙隨時間不變的觀念不相協調：引力總是吸引的這一事實意味著， 宇宙的演化方式必居其一，
When we combine quantum mechanics with general relativity, there seems to be a new possibility that did notarise before: that space and time together might form a finite, four-dimensional space without singularities orboundaries, like the surface of the earth but with more dimensions. It seems that this idea could explain manyof the observed features of the universe, such as its large-scale uniformity and also the smaller-scaledepartures from homogeneity, like galaxies, stars, and even human beings. It could even account for the arrowof time that we observe. But if the universe is completely self-contained, with no singularities or boundaries,and completely described by a unified theory, that has profound implications for the role of God as Creator.
當我們將量子力學和廣義相對論相結合， 似乎產生了以前從未有過的新的可能性：空間和時間一起可以形成一個有限的、四維的沒有奇點或邊界的空間， 這正如地球的表面， 但有更多的維數。看來這種思想能夠解釋觀察到的宇宙的許多特徵，諸如它的大尺度一致性，還有像星系、恒星甚至人類等等小尺度的對此均勻性的偏離。它甚至可以說明我們觀察到的時間的箭頭。但是如果宇宙是完全自足的、沒有奇點或邊界、並且由統一理論所完全描述，那麼就對上帝作為造物主的作用有深遠的含義。
Einstein once asked the question: “How much choice did God have in constructing the universe?” If the noboundary proposal is correct, he had no freedom at all to choose initial conditions. He would, of course, stillhave had the freedom to choose the laws that the universe obeyed. This, however, may not really have been allthat much of a choice; there may well be only one, or a small number, of complete unified theories, such as theheterotic string theory, that are self-consistent and allow the existence of structures as complicated as humanbeings who can investigate the laws of the universe and ask about the nature of God.
有一次愛因斯坦問道：“在製造宇宙時上帝有多少選擇性？”如果無邊界假設是正確的，在選擇初始條件上它就根本沒有自由。當然，它仍有選擇宇宙所服從的定律的自由。然而，實在並沒有那麼多的選擇性；很可能只有一個或數目很少的完整的統一理論，它是自治的，並且允許複雜到像能研究宇宙定律和詢問上帝本性的人類那樣的結構的存在。
Even if there is only one possible unified theory, it is just a set of rules and equations. What is it that breathesfire into the equations and makes a universe for them to describe? The usual approach of science ofconstructing a mathematical model cannot answer the questions of why there should be a universe for themodel to describe. Why does the universe go to all the bother of existing? Is the unified theory so compellingthat it brings about its own existence? Or does it need a creator, and, if so, does he have any other effect onthe universe? And who created him?
即使只存在一個可能的統一理論，那只不過是一組規則或方程。是什麼賦予這些方程以生命去製造一個為它們所描述的宇宙？通常建立一個數學模型的科學方法不能回答，為何必須存在一個為此模型所描述的宇宙這樣的問題。為何宇宙陷入其存在性的錯綜複雜之中？是否統一理論是如此之咄咄逼人，以至於其自身之實現成為不可避免？或者它需要一個造物主？若是這樣，它還有其他的宇宙效應嗎？又是誰創造了造物主？
Up to now, most scientists have been too occupied with the development of new theories that describe whatthe universe is to ask the question why. On the other hand, the people whose business it is to ask why, thephilosophers, have not been able to keep up with the advance of scientific theories. In the eighteenth century,philosophers considered the whole of human knowledge, including science, to be their field and discussedquestions such as: did the universe have a beginning? However, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries,science became too technical and mathematical for the philosophers, or anyone else except a few specialists.Philosophers reduced the scope of their inquiries so much that Wittgenstein, the most famous philosopher ofthis century, said, “The sole remaining task for philosophy is the analysis of language.” What a comedown fromthe great tradition of philosophy from Aristotle to Kant!
迄今，大部分科學家太忙於發展描述宇宙為何物的理論，以至於沒工夫去過問為什麼的問題。另一方面，以尋根究底為己任的哲學家不能跟得上科學理論的進步。在18世紀，哲學家將包括科學在內的整個人類知識當作他們的領域，並討論諸如宇宙有無開初的問題。然而，在19和20世紀，科學變得對哲學家，或除了少數專家以外的任何人而言，過於技術性和數學化了。哲學家如此地縮小他們的質疑的範圍，以至於連維特根斯坦——這位本世紀最著名的哲學家都說道：“哲學僅餘下的任務是語言分析。”這是從亞里斯多德到康得以來哲學的偉大傳統的何等的墮落！
However, if we do discover a complete theory, it should in time be understandable in broad principle byeveryone, not just a few scientists. Then we shall all, philosophers, scientists, and just ordinary people, be ableto take part in the discussion of the question of why it is that we and the universe exist. If we find the answer tothat, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason – for then we would know the mind of God.
然而，如果我們確實發現了一套完整的理論，它應該在一般的原理上及時讓所有人（而不僅僅是少數科學家）所理解。那時，我們所有人，包括哲學家、科學家以及普普通通的人，都能參加為何我們和宇宙存在的問題的討論。如果我們對此找到了答案，則將是人類理智的最終極的勝利——因為那時我們知道了上帝的精神。
ALBERT EINSTEIN
阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦
Einstein’s connection with the politics of the nuclear bomb is well known: he signed the famous letter toPresident Franklin Roosevelt that persuaded the United States to take the idea seriously, and he engaged inpostwar efforts to prevent nuclear war. But these were not just the isolated actions of a scientist dragged intothe world of politics. Einstein’s life was, in fact, to use his own words, “divided between politics and equations.”
愛因斯坦和核彈政治的瓜葛是眾所周知的：他簽署了那封著名的致佛蘭克林·羅斯福總統的信，說服美國認真考慮他的想法，並且他在戰後從事阻止核戰爭的各項努力。但是，這些不僅僅是一位科學家被拖入政界的孤立行動。事實上，愛因斯坦的一生用他自己的話來說是“躊躇于政治和方程之間。”
Einstein’s earliest political activity came during the First World War, when he was a professor in Berlin.Sickened by what he saw as the waste of human lives, he became involved in antiwar demonstrations. Hisadvocacy of civil disobedience and public encouragement of people to refuse conscription did little to endearhim to his colleagues. Then, following the war, he directed his efforts toward reconciliation and improvinginternational relations. This too did not make him popular, and soon his politics were making it difficult for him tovisit the United States, even to give lectures.
愛因斯坦最早從事政治活動是在第一次世界大戰，當時他在柏林當教授。由於目睹草菅人命而不勝厭惡，他捲入了反戰示威。他擁護國內反抗以及公開鼓勵人民拒絕徵兵，因而不討他的同事們喜歡。後來，在戰時他又致力於調解和改善國際關係。這也不得人心，而且他的政治態度很快使他難以訪問美國，甚至連講學都有困難。
Einstein’s second great cause was Zionism. Although he was Jewish by descent, Einstein rejected the biblicalidea of God. However, a growing awareness of anti-Semitism, both before and during the First World War, ledhim gradually to identify with the Jewish community, and later to become an outspoken supporter of Zionism.Once more unpopularity did not stop him from speaking his mind. His theories came under attack; ananti-Einstein organization was even set up. One man was convicted of inciting others to murder Einstein (andfined a mere six dollars). But Einstein was phlegmatic. When a book was published entitled 100 AuthorsAgainst Einstein, he retorted, “If I were wrong, then one would have been enough!”
愛因斯坦第二個偉大的事業是猶太複國主義。雖然他在血統上是猶太人，但他拒絕《聖經》上關於上帝的說法。然而，第一次世界大戰之前和期間，他越發看清反猶主義，這導致他逐漸和猶太團體相認同，而後成為一個直言不諱的猶太複國主義的擁護者。再度不受歡迎也未能阻止他發表自己的主張。他的理論一發表就受到攻擊，甚至成立了一個反愛因斯坦的組織。有一個人被定罪為教唆他人去謀殺愛因斯坦（只罰了6美金）。但愛因斯坦是冷靜的：當一本書以題為《100個反愛因斯坦的作家》出版時，他反駁道：“如果真是我錯了的話，那麼一個人反對我就足夠了！”
In 1933, Hitler came to power. Einstein was in America, and declared he would not return to Germany. Then,while Nazi militia raided his house and confiscated his bank account, a Berlin newspaper displayed theheadline “Good News from Einstein – He’s Not Coming Back.” In the face of the Nazi threat, Einsteinrenounced pacifism, and eventually, fearing that German scientists would build a nuclear bomb, proposed thatthe United States should develop its own. But even before the first atomic bomb had been detonated, he waspublicly warning of the dangers of nuclear war and proposing international control of nuclear weaponry.
1933年，希特勒上臺了，愛因斯坦正在美國，他宣佈不再回德國。後來納粹義勇軍抄查了他的房子，並沒收了他的銀行帳號。一家柏林報紙的頭條寫道：“來自愛因斯坦的好消息——他不回來了。”面對著納粹的威脅，愛因斯坦放棄了和平主義，終於憂慮到德國科學家會製造核彈，因而建議美國應該發展自己的核彈。但是，即使在第一枚原子彈爆炸之前，他就曾經公開警告過核戰爭的危險，並提議對核武器進行國際控制。
Throughout his life, Einstein’s efforts toward peace probably achieved little that would last – and certainly wonhim few friends. His vocal support of the Zionist cause, however, was duly recognized in 1952, when he wasoffered the presidency of Israel. He declined, saying he thought he was too naive in politics. But perhaps hisreal reason was different: to quote him again, “Equations are more important to me, because politics is for thepresent, but an equation is something for eternity.”
貫穿愛因斯坦一生，他致力於和平的努力可能成效甚微——肯定只說服了很少的朋友。然而，他對猶太複國主義事業的口頭支持在1952年被及時承認，其時他被推薦為以色列的總統。但他謝絕了。他說他認為自己在政治上太天真。可是，也許其真正的原因卻並非如此，再次引用他自己的話：“方程對我而言更重要些，因為政治是為當前，而一個方程卻是一種永恆的東西。”
GALILEO GALILEI
伽利雷·伽利略
Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science. Hisrenowned conflict with the Catholic Church was central to his philosophy, for Galileo was one of the first toargue that man could hope to understand how the world works, and, moreover, that we could do this byobserving the real world.
伽利略可能比任何其他的人更有資格稱為近代科學的奠基人。其與天主教會名聞遐邇的衝突是他哲學的中心事件。這是因為伽利略是作如下論斷最早的人之一：人類有望理解世界是怎樣運行的，而且我們還能通過觀察現實世界來做到這一點。
Galileo had believed Copernican theory (that the planets orbited the sun) since early on, but it was only whenhe found the evidence needed to support the idea that he started to publicly support it. He wrote aboutCopernicus’s theory in Italian (not the usual academic Latin), and soon his views became widely supportedoutside the universities. This annoyed the Aristotelian professors, who united against him seeking to persuadethe Catholic Church to ban Copernicanism.
伽利略很早就相信哥白尼理論（即行星繞太陽公轉），但只有當他發現了證據來支持這一學說時，才公開表示支持。他用義大利文寫有關哥白尼理論的文章（沒有用普通的學院式拉丁文），並且他的觀點很快就廣泛地得到大學界之外的支援。這惹怒了亞里斯多德派的教授們，他們聯合起來反對他，並極力說服天主教會禁止哥白尼主義。
Galileo, worried by this, traveled to Rome to speak to the ecclesiastical authorities. He argued that the Biblewas not intended to tell us anything about scientific theories, and that it was usual to assume that, where theBible conflicted with common sense, it was being allegorical. But the Church was afraid of a scandal that mightundermine its fight against Protestantism, and so took repressive measures. It declared Copernicanism “falseand erroneous” in 1616, and commanded Galileo never again to “defend or hold” the doctrine. Galileoacquiesced.
伽利略為此而擔心，他趕到羅馬去向天主教權威當面申訴。他爭辯道，《聖經》並未試圖告訴我們任何關於科學理論的東西，通常都是假定，當《聖經》和常識發生矛盾時，就成為比喻。但是教會害怕這醜聞可能傷害它對新教徒的鬥爭，所以採取了鎮壓的手段。1616年，它宣佈哥白尼主義是“虛偽的、錯誤的”，並命令伽利略不准再“保衛或堅持”這一學說。伽利略勉強接受了。
In 1623, a longtime friend of Galileo’s became the Pope. Immediately Galileo tried to get the 1616 decreerevoked. He failed, but he did manage to get permission to write a book discussing both Aristotelian andCopernican theories, on two conditions: he would not take sides and would come to the conclusion that mancould in any case not determine how the world worked because God could bring about the same effects inways unimagined by man, who could not place restrictions on God’s omnipotence.
1623年，伽利略的一位長期朋友成為教皇。伽利略立即試圖為1616年的判決翻案。他失敗了，但他設法獲得了准許，在兩個前提下寫一本敘述亞里斯多德派和哥白尼派理論的書：他不能有傾向，同時要得出結論，人類在任何情況下都無法決定世界是如何運行的，因為上帝會以人類不能想像的方法來達到同樣的效果，而人類不能限制上帝的萬能。
The book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, was completed and published in 1632, with thefull backing of the censors – and was immediately greeted throughout Europe as a literary and philosophicalmasterpiece. Soon the Pope, realizing that people were seeing the book as a convincing argument in favor ofCopernicanism, regretted having allowed its publication. The Pope argued that although the book had theofficial blessing of the censors, Galileo had nevertheless contravened the 1616 decree. He brought Galileobefore the Inquisition, who sentenced him to house arrest for life and commanded him to publicly renounceCopernicanism. For a second time, Galileo acquiesced.
這本題為《關於兩個主要世界體系的對話》的書，於1632年在檢查官的全面支持下完成並出版了，並且立刻被全歐洲歡呼為文學和哲學的傑作。不久教皇就意識到，人們把這本書看作是確認哥白尼主義的論證，後悔允許該書出版。教皇指出，雖有檢查官正式批准出版該書，但伽利略依然違背了1616年的禁令。他把伽利略帶到宗教法庭面前，宣佈他終身軟禁，並命令他公開放棄哥白尼主義。伽利略又第二次被迫從命。
Galileo remained a faithful Catholic, but his belief in the independence of science had not been crushed. Fouryears before his death in 1642, while he was still under house arrest, the manuscript of his second major bookwas smuggled to a publisher in Holland. It was this work, referred to as Two New Sciences, even more than hissupport for Copernicus, that was to be the genesis of modern physics.
伽利略始終是一個忠實的天主教徒，但是他對科學獨立的信仰從來未被動搖過。1642年，即他逝世前4年，當他仍然被軟禁時，他第二本主要著作的手稿被私下交給一個荷蘭的出版商。正是這本被稱為《兩種新科學》的書，甚至比支持哥白尼更進一步，成為現代物理學的起源。
ISAAC NEWTON
伊薩克·牛頓
Isaac Newton was not a pleasant man. His relations with other academics were notorious, with most of his laterlife spent embroiled in heated disputes. Following publication of Principia Mathematica – surely the mostinfluential book ever written in physics – Newton had risen rapidly into public prominence. He was appointedpresident of the Royal Society and became the first scientist ever to be knighted.
伊薩克·牛頓不是一個討人喜歡的人物。他和其他院士的關係聲名狼藉。他晚年的大部分時間都是在激然的爭吵糾紛中渡過。隨著那部肯定是物理學有史以來最有影響的書——《數學原理》的出版，牛頓很快就成為名重一時的人物。他被任命為皇家學會主席，並成為第一個被授予爵士的科學家。
Newton soon clashed with the Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, who had earlier provided Newton withmuch-needed data for Principia, but was now withholding information that Newton wanted. Newton would nottake no for an answer: he had himself appointed to the governing body of the Royal Observatory and then triedto force imm ediate publication of the data. Eventually he arranged for Flamsteed’s work to be seized andprepared for publication by Flamsteed’s mortal enemy, Edmond Halley. But Flamsteed took the case to courtand, in the nick of time, won a court order preventing distribution of the stolen work. Newton was incensed andsought his revenge by systematically deleting all references to Flamsteed in later editions of Principia.
牛頓不久就與皇家天文學家約翰·夫萊姆斯梯德發生衝突。他早先曾提供牛頓許多《原理》一書所需的資料，後來他扣壓了牛頓需要的資料。牛頓是不許別人回答“不”字的，他自封為皇家天文臺的大總管，然後迫使立即出版這些資料。最後，他指使夫萊姆斯梯德的冤家對頭愛德蒙·哈雷奪得夫萊姆斯梯德的工作成果，並且準備出版。可是夫萊姆斯梯德告到法庭去，在最緊要關頭，贏得了法庭的判決：不得散發這剽竊的著作。牛頓被激怒了，作為報復，他就在後來的《原理》版本中系統地刪除所有來自夫萊姆斯梯德的引證。
A more serious dispute arose with the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz. Both Leibniz and Newton hadindependently developed a branch of mathematics called calculus, which underlies most of modern physics.Although we now know that Newton discovered calculus years before Leibniz, he published his work muchlater. A major row ensued over who had been first, with scientists vigorously defending both contenders. It isremarkable, however, that most of the articles appearing in defense of Newton were originally written by hisown hand – and only published in the name of friends! As the row grew, Leibniz made the mistake of appealingto the Royal Society to resolve the dispute. Newton, as president, appointed an “impartial” committee toinvestigate, coincidentally consisting entirely of Newton’s friends! But that was not all: Newton then wrote thecommittee’s report himself and had the Royal Society publish it, officially accusing Leibniz of plagiarism. Stillunsatisfied, he then wrote an anonymous review of the report in the Royal Society’s own periodical. Followingthe death of Leibniz, Newton is reported to have declared that he had taken great satisfaction in “breakingLeibniz’s heart.”
他和德國哲學家高特夫瑞德·萊布尼茲之間發生了更嚴重的爭吵。萊布尼茲和牛頓各自獨立地發展了叫做微積分的數學分支，它是大部分近代物理的基礎。雖然現在我們知道，牛頓發現微積分要比萊布尼茲早若干年，可是他很晚才出版他的著作。隨著關於誰是第一個發現者的嚴重爭吵的發生，科學家們激烈地為雙方作辯護。然而值得注意的是，大多數為牛頓辯護的文章均出自牛頓本人之手，只不過僅僅用朋友的名義出版而已！當爭論日趨激烈時，萊布尼茲犯了向皇家學會起訴來解決這一爭端的錯誤。牛頓作為其主席，指定了一個清一色的由牛頓的朋友組成的“公正的”委員會來審查此案。更有甚者後來牛頓自己寫了一個委員會報告，並讓皇家學會將其出版，正式地譴責萊布尼茲剽竊。牛頓還不滿意，他又在皇家學會自己的雜誌上寫了一篇匿名的、關於該報告的回顧。據報導，萊布尼茲死後，牛頓揚言他為傷透了萊布尼茲的心而洋洋得意。
During the period of these two disputes, Newton had already left Cambridge and academe. He had been activein anti-Catholic politics at Cambridge, and later in Parliament, and was rewarded eventually with the lucrativepost of Warden of the Royal Mint. Here he used his talents for deviousness and vitriol in a more sociallyacceptable way, successfully conducting a major campaign against counterfeiting, even sending several men totheir death on the gallows.
在這兩次爭吵期間，牛頓已經離開劍橋和學術。在劍橋他曾積極從事反天主教運動，後來在議會中也很活躍，最終作為酬報，他得到皇家造幣廠廠長的肥缺。在這裡，他以社會上更能接受的方式，施展他那狡獪和刻薄的能耐，成功地導演了一場反對偽幣的重大戰役，甚至將幾個人送上了絞刑架。
GLOSSARY
小辭典
Absolute zero： The lowest possible temperature, at which substances contain no heat energy
絕對零度：所能達到的最低的溫度，在這溫度下物體不包含熱能。
Acceleration： The rate at which the speed of an object is changing
加速度：物體速度改變的速率。
Anthropic principle： We see the universe the way it is because if it were different we would not be here to observe it
人擇原理：我們之所以看到宇宙是這個樣子，只是因為如果它不是這樣，我們就不會在這裡去觀察它。
Antiparticle： Each type of matter particle has a corresponding antiparticle. When a particle collides with its antiparticle, they annihilate, leaving only energy
反粒子：每個類型的物質粒子都有與其相對應的反粒子。當一個粒子和它的反粒子碰撞時，它們就湮滅，只留下能量。
Atom： The basic unit of ordinary matter, made up of a tiny nucleus (consisting of protons and neutrons) surrounded by orbiting electrons
原子：通常物質的基本單元，是由很小的核子（包括質子和中子）以及圍著它轉動的電子所構成。
Big bang： The singularity at the beginning of the universe
大爆炸：宇宙開端的奇點。
Big crunch： The singularity at the end of the universe
大擠壓：宇宙終結的奇點。
Black hole： A region of space-time from which nothing, not even light, can escape, because gravity is so strong
黑洞：空間-時間的一個區域，因為那兒的引力是如此之強，以至於任何東西，甚至光都不能從該處逃逸出來。
Casimir effect： The attractive pressure between two flat, parallel metal plates placed very near to each other in a vacuum. The pressure is due to a reduction in the usual number of virtual particles in the space between the plates
凱西米爾效應：在真空中兩片平行的平坦金屬板之間的吸引壓力。這種壓力是由平板之間空間中的虛粒子的數目比正常數目減小造成的。
Chandrasekhar limit： The maximum possible mass of a stable cold star, above which it must collapse into a black hole
強德拉塞卡極限：一個穩定的冷星的最大的可能的品質的臨界值，若比這品質更大的恒星，則會坍縮成一個黑洞。
Conservation of energy： The law of science that states that energy (or its equivalent in mass) can neither be created nor destroyed
能量守恆：關於能量（或它的等效品質）既不能產生也不能消滅的科學定律。
Coordinates： Numbers that specify the position of a point in space and time
座標：指定點在空間-時間中的位置的一組數。
Cosmological constant： A mathematical device used by Einstein to give space-time an inbuilt tendency to expand
宇宙常數：愛因斯坦所用的一個數學方法，該方法使空間-時間有一固有的膨脹傾向。
Cosmology： The study of the universe as a whole
宇宙學：對整個宇宙的研究。
Dark matter： Matter in galaxies, clusters, and possibly between clusters, that can not be observed directly but can be detected by its gravitational effect. As much as 90 percent of the mass of the universe may be in the form of dark matter
暗物質：存在於星系、星系團以及也許在星系團之間的，不能被直接觀測到，但是能用它的引力效應檢測到的物質。宇宙物質的90％可能採取暗物質的形態。
Duality： A correspondence between apparently different theories that lead to the same physical results
對偶性：在表觀上非常不同但是導致相同物理結果的理論之間的對應。
Einstein-Rosen bridge： A thin tube of space-time linking two black holes. Also see Wormhole
愛因斯坦-羅森橋：連接兩個黑洞的時空的細管。參見蟲洞。
Electric charge： A property of a particle by which it may repel (or attract) other particles that have a charge of similar (or opposite) sign
電荷：粒子的一個性質，有這種性質的粒子排斥（或吸引）其他與之帶相同（或相反）符號電荷的粒子。
Electromagnetic force： The force that arises between particles with electric charge; the second strongest of the four fundamental forces
電磁力：帶電荷的粒子之間的相互作用力，它是四種基本力中第二強的力。
Electron： A particle with negative electric charge that orbits the nucleus of an atom
電子：帶有負電荷並繞著一個原子核轉動的粒子。
Electroweak unification energy： The energy (around 100 GeV) above which the distinction between the electromagnetic force and the weak force disappears
弱電統一能量：大約為100吉電子伏的能量，在比這能量更大時，電磁力和弱力之間的差別消失。
Elementary particle： A particle that, it is believed, cannot be subdivided
基本粒子：被認為不可能再分的粒子。
Event： A point in space-time, specified by its time and place
事件：由它的時間和空間所指定的空間-時間中的一點。
Event horizon： The boundary of a black hole
事件視界：黑洞的邊界。
Exclusion principle： The idea that two identical spin-1/2 particles cannot have (within the limits set by the uncertainty principle) both the same position and the same velocity
不相容原理：兩個相同的自旋為1／2的粒子（在測不准原理設定的極限之內）不能同時具有相同的位置和速度。
Field： Something that exists throughout space and time, as opposed to a particle that exists at only one point at a time
場：某種充滿空間和時間的東西，與它相反的是在一個時刻，只存在於空間-時間中的一點的粒子。
Frequency： For a wave, the number of complete cycles per second
頻率：對一個波而言，在1秒鐘內完整迴圈的次數。
Gamma rays： Electromagnetic rays of very short wavelength, produced in radio-active decay or by collisions of elementary particles
伽瑪射線：波長非常短的電磁波，是由放射性衰變或由基本粒子碰撞產生的。
General relativity： Einstein’s theory based on the idea that the laws of science should be the same for all observers, no matter how they are moving. It explains the force of gravity in terms of the curvature of a four-dimensional space-time
廣義相對論：愛因斯坦的基於科學定律對所有的觀察者（而不管他們如何運動的）必須是相同的觀念的理論。它將引力按照四維空間-時間的曲率來解釋。
Geodesic： The shortest (or longest) path between two points
測地線：兩點之間最短（或最長）的道路。
Grand unification energy： The energy above which, it is believed, the electro-magnetic force, weak force, and strong force become indistinguishable from each other
大統一能量：人們相信，在比這能量更大時，電磁力、弱力和強力之間的差別消失。
Grand unified theory (GUT)： A theory which unifies the electromagnetic, strong, and weak forces
大統一理論（GUT）：一種統一電磁、強和弱力的理論。
Imaginary time： Time measured using imaginary numbers
虛時間：用虛數測量的時間。
Light cone： A surface in space-time that marks out the possible directions for light rays passing through a given event
光錐：空間-時間中的面，在上面標出光通過一給定事件的可能方向。
Light-second (light-year)： The distance traveled by light in one second (year)
光秒（光年）：光在1秒（1年）時間裡走過的距離。
Magnetic field： The field responsible for magnetic forces, now incorporated along with the electric field, into the electromagnetic field
磁場：引起磁力的場，和電場合併成電磁場。
Mass： The quantity of matter in a body; its inertia, or resistance to acceleration
品質：物體中物質的量；它的慣性，或對加速的抵抗。
Microwave background radiation： The radiation from the glowing of the hot early universe, now so greatly red-shifted that it appears not as light but as microwaves (radio waves with a wavelength of a few centimeters) Also see COBE, on page 145
微波背景輻射：起源於早期宇宙的灼熱的輻射，現在它受到如此大的紅移，以至於不以光而以微波（波長為幾釐米的無線電波）的形式呈現出來。
Naked singularity： A space-time singularity not surrounded by a black hole
裸奇點：不被黑洞圍繞的空間-時間奇點。
Neutrino： An extremely light (possibly massless) particle that is affected only by the weak force and gravity
中微子：只受弱力和引力作用的極輕的（可能是無品質的）基本物質粒子。
Neutron： An uncharged particle, very similar to the proton, which accounts for roughly half the particles in an atomic nucleus
中子：一種不帶電的、和質子非常類似的粒子，在大多數原子核中大約一半的粒子是中子。
Neutron star： A cold star, supported by the exclusion principle repulsion between neutrons
中子星：一種由中子之間的不相容原理排斥力所支持的冷的恒星。
No boundary condition： The idea that the universe is finite but has no boundary (in imaginary time)
無邊界條件：宇宙是有限的但無界的（在虛時間裡）思想。
Nuclear fusion： The process by which two nuclei collide and coalesce to form a single, heavier nucleus
核聚變：兩個核碰撞併合並成一個更重的核的過程。
Nucleus： The central part of an atom, consisting only of protons and neutrons, he ld together by the strong force
核：原子的中心部份，只包括由強作用力將其束縛在一起的質子和中子。
Particle accelerator： A machine that, using electromagnets, can accelerate moving charged particles, giving them more energy
粒子加速器：一種利用電磁鐵能將運動的帶電粒子加速，並給它們更多能量的機器。
Phase： For a wave, the position in its cycle at a specified time： a measure of whether it is at a crest, a trough, or somewhere in between
相位：一個波在特定的時刻的在它迴圈中的位置--一種它是否在波峰、波谷或它們之間的某點的標度。
Photon： A quantum of light
光子：光的一個量子。
Planck’s quantum principle： The idea that light (or any other classical waves) can be emitted or absorbed only in discrete quanta, whose energy is proportional to their wavelength
普朗克量子原理：光（或任何其他經典的波）只能被發射或吸收其能量與它們頻率成比例的分立的量子的思想。
Positron： The (positively charged) antiparticle of the electron
正電子：電子的反粒子（帶正電荷）。
Primordial black hole： A black hole created in the very early universe
太初黑洞：在極早期宇宙中產生的黑洞。
Proportional： ‘X is proportional to Y’ means that when Y is multiplied by any number, so is X. ‘X is inversely proportional to Y’ means that when Y is multiplied by any number, X is divided by that number
比例：“X比例於Y”表示當Y被乘以任何數時，X也如此；“X反比例於Y”，表示，當Y被乘以任何數時，X被同一個數除。
Proton： A positively charged particle, very similar to the neutron, that accounts for roughly half the particles in the nucleus of most atoms
質子：構成大多數原子中的核中大約一半數量的、帶正電的粒子。
Pulsar： A rotating neutron star that emits regular pulses of radio waves
脈衝星：一種發出常規脈衝和無線電波的旋轉的中子星。
Quantum： The indivisible unit in which waves may be emitted or absorbed
量子：波可被發射或吸收的不可分的單位。
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)： The theory that describes the interactions of quarks and gluons
量子色動力學(QCD)：一個描述誇克和膠子之間強相互作用的標準動力學理論。
Quantum mechanics： The theory developed from Planck’s quantum principle and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
量子力學：從普郎克量子原理和海森堡不確定性原理發展而來的理論。
Quark： A (charged) elementary particle that feels the strong force. Protons and neutrons are each composed of three quarks
誇克：感受強作用力的帶電的基本粒子。每一個質子和中子都是由三個誇克組成。
Radar： A system using pulsed radio waves to detect the position of objects by measuring the time it takes a single pulse to reach the object and be reflected back
雷達：利用脈衝無線電波的單獨脈衝到達目標並折回的時間間隔來測量物件位置的系統。
Radioactivity： The spontaneous breakdown of one type of atomic nucleus into another
放射性：一種類型的原子核自動分裂成其他的核。
Red shift： The reddening of light from a star that is moving away from us, due to the Doppler effect
紅移：由於多普勒效應，從離開我們而去的恒星發出的光線的紅化。
Singularity： A point in space-time at which the space-time curvature becomes infinite
奇點：空間-時間中空間-時間曲率變成無窮大的點。
Singularity theorem： A theorem that shows that a singularity must exist under certain circumstances – in particular, that the universe must have started with a singularity
奇點定理：這定理是說，在一定情形下奇點必須存在--特別是宇宙必須開始於一個奇點。
Space-time： The four-dimensional space whose points are events
時空：四維的空間，上面的點即為事件。
Spatial dimension： Any of the three dimensions that are spacelike – that is, any except the time dimension
空間的維：空間-時間的類空的、也就是除了時間的維之外的三維的任一維。
Special relativity： Einstein’s theory based on the idea that the laws of science should be the same for all observers, no matter how they are moving, in the absence of gravitational phenomena
狹義相對論：愛因斯坦的基於科學定律對所有進行自由運動的觀察者（不論他們的運動速度）必須相同的觀念。
Spectrum： The component frequencies that make up a wave. The visible part of the sun’s spectrum can be seen in a rainbow
譜：諸如電磁波對它的分量頻率的分解。
Spin： An internal property of elementary particles, related to, but not identical to, the everyday concept of spin
自旋：相關于但不等同於日常的自轉概念的基本粒子的內部性質。
Stationary state： One that is not changing with time： a sphere spinning at a constant rate is stationary because it looks identical at any given instant
穩態：不隨時間變化的態：一個以固定速率自轉的球是穩定的，因為即便它不是靜止的，在任何時刻它看起來都是等同的。
String theory： A theory of physics in which particles are described as waves on strings. Strings have length but no other dimension
弦理論：物理學的一種理論，其中粒子被描述成弦上的波。弦只有長度，但是沒有其他維。
Strong force： The strongest of the four fundamental forces, with the shortest range of all. It holds the quarks together within protons and neutrons, and holds the protons and neutrons together to form atoms
強力：四種基本力中最強的、作用距離最短的一種力。它在質子和中子中將誇克束縛在一起，並將質子和中子束縛在一起形成原子。
Uncertainty principle： The principle, formulated by Heisenberg, that one can never be exactly sure of both the position and the velocity of a particle; the more accurately one knows the one, the less accurately one can know the other
不確定性原理：人們永遠不能同時準確知道粒子的位置和速度；對其中一個知道得越精確，則對另一個就知道得越不準確。
Virtual particle： In quantum mechanics, a particle that can never be directly detected, but whose existence does have measurable effects
虛粒子：在量子力學中，一種永遠不能直接檢測到的，但其存在確實具有可測量效應的粒子。
Wave/particle duality： The concept in quantum mechanics that there is no distinction between waves and particles; particles may sometimes behave like waves, and waves like particles
波/粒二象性：量子力學中的概念，是說在波動和粒子之間沒有區別；粒子有時可以像波動一樣行為，而波動有時可以像粒子一樣行為。
Wavelength： For a wave, the distance between two adjacent troughs or two adjacent crests
波長：對於一個波，在兩相鄰波谷或波峰之間的距離。
Weak force： The second weakest of the four fundamental forces, with a very short range. It affects all matter particles, but not force-carrying particles
弱力：四種基本力中第二弱的、作用距離非常短的一種力。它作用於所有物質粒子，而不作用於攜帶力的粒子。
Weight： The force exerted on a body by a gravitational field. It is proportional to, but not the same as, its mass
重量：引力場作用到物體上的力。它和品質成比例，但又不同於品質。
White dwarf： A stable cold star, supported by the exclusion principle repulsion between electrons
白矮星：一種由電子之間不相容原理排斥力所支持的穩定的冷的恒星。
Wormhole： A thin tube of space-time connecting distant regions of the universe. Wormholes might also link to parallel or baby universes and could provide the possibility of time travel.
蟲洞：連接宇宙遙遠區域間的時空細管。蟲洞也可以把平行的宇宙或者嬰兒宇宙連接起來，並提供時間旅行的可能性。
－End－
Einstein once asked the question: “How much choice did God have in constructing the universe?” If the noboundary proposal is correct, he had no freedom at all to choose initial conditions. He would, of course, stillhave had the freedom to choose the laws that the universe obeyed. This, however, may not really have been allthat much of a choice; there may well be only one, or a small number, of complete unified theories, such as theheterotic string theory, that are self-consistent and allow the existence of structures as complicated as humanbeings who can investigate the laws of the universe and ask about the nature of God.
有一次愛因斯坦問道：“在製造宇宙時上帝有多少選擇性？”如果無邊界假設是正確的，在選擇初始條件上它就根本沒有自由。當然，它仍有選擇宇宙所服從的定律的自由。然而，實在並沒有那麼多的選擇性；很可能只有一個或數目很少的完整的統一理論，它是自治的，並且允許複雜到像能研究宇宙定律和詢問上帝本性的人類那樣的結構的存在。
Even if there is only one possible unified theory, it is just a set of rules and equations. What is it that breathesfire into the equations and makes a universe for them to describe? The usual approach of science ofconstructing a mathematical model cannot answer the questions of why there should be a universe for themodel to describe. Why does the universe go to all the bother of existing? Is the unified theory so compellingthat it brings about its own existence? Or does it need a creator, and, if so, does he have any other effect onthe universe? And who created him?
即使只存在一個可能的統一理論，那只不過是一組規則或方程。是什麼賦予這些方程以生命去製造一個為它們所描述的宇宙？通常建立一個數學模型的科學方法不能回答，為何必須存在一個為此模型所描述的宇宙這樣的問題。為何宇宙陷入其存在性的錯綜複雜之中？是否統一理論是如此之咄咄逼人，以至於其自身之實現成為不可避免？或者它需要一個造物主？若是這樣，它還有其他的宇宙效應嗎？又是誰創造了造物主？
Up to now, most scientists have been too occupied with the development of new theories that describe whatthe universe is to ask the question why. On the other hand, the people whose business it is to ask why, thephilosophers, have not been able to keep up with the advance of scientific theories. In the eighteenth century,philosophers considered the whole of human knowledge, including science, to be their field and discussedquestions such as: did the universe have a beginning? However, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries,science became too technical and mathematical for the philosophers, or anyone else except a few specialists.Philosophers reduced the scope of their inquiries so much that Wittgenstein, the most famous philosopher ofthis century, said, “The sole remaining task for philosophy is the analysis of language.” What a comedown fromthe great tradition of philosophy from Aristotle to Kant!
迄今，大部分科學家太忙於發展描述宇宙為何物的理論，以至於沒工夫去過問為什麼的問題。另一方面，以尋根究底為己任的哲學家不能跟得上科學理論的進步。在18世紀，哲學家將包括科學在內的整個人類知識當作他們的領域，並討論諸如宇宙有無開初的問題。然而，在19和20世紀，科學變得對哲學家，或除了少數專家以外的任何人而言，過於技術性和數學化了。哲學家如此地縮小他們的質疑的範圍，以至於連維特根斯坦——這位本世紀最著名的哲學家都說道：“哲學僅餘下的任務是語言分析。”這是從亞里斯多德到康得以來哲學的偉大傳統的何等的墮落！
However, if we do discover a complete theory, it should in time be understandable in broad principle byeveryone, not just a few scientists. Then we shall all, philosophers, scientists, and just ordinary people, be ableto take part in the discussion of the question of why it is that we and the universe exist. If we find the answer tothat, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason – for then we would know the mind of God.
然而，如果我們確實發現了一套完整的理論，它應該在一般的原理上及時讓所有人（而不僅僅是少數科學家）所理解。那時，我們所有人，包括哲學家、科學家以及普普通通的人，都能參加為何我們和宇宙存在的問題的討論。如果我們對此找到了答案，則將是人類理智的最終極的勝利——因為那時我們知道了上帝的精神。
ALBERT EINSTEIN
阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦
Einstein’s connection with the politics of the nuclear bomb is well known: he signed the famous letter toPresident Franklin Roosevelt that persuaded the United States to take the idea seriously, and he engaged inpostwar efforts to prevent nuclear war. But these were not just the isolated actions of a scientist dragged intothe world of politics. Einstein’s life was, in fact, to use his own words, “divided between politics and equations.”
愛因斯坦和核彈政治的瓜葛是眾所周知的：他簽署了那封著名的致佛蘭克林·羅斯福總統的信，說服美國認真考慮他的想法，並且他在戰後從事阻止核戰爭的各項努力。但是，這些不僅僅是一位科學家被拖入政界的孤立行動。事實上，愛因斯坦的一生用他自己的話來說是“躊躇于政治和方程之間。”
Einstein’s earliest political activity came during the First World War, when he was a professor in Berlin.Sickened by what he saw as the waste of human lives, he became involved in antiwar demonstrations. Hisadvocacy of civil disobedience and public encouragement of people to refuse conscription did little to endearhim to his colleagues. Then, following the war, he directed his efforts toward reconciliation and improvinginternational relations. This too did not make him popular, and soon his politics were making it difficult for him tovisit the United States, even to give lectures.
愛因斯坦最早從事政治活動是在第一次世界大戰，當時他在柏林當教授。由於目睹草菅人命而不勝厭惡，他捲入了反戰示威。他擁護國內反抗以及公開鼓勵人民拒絕徵兵，因而不討他的同事們喜歡。後來，在戰時他又致力於調解和改善國際關係。這也不得人心，而且他的政治態度很快使他難以訪問美國，甚至連講學都有困難。
Einstein’s second great cause was Zionism. Although he was Jewish by descent, Einstein rejected the biblicalidea of God. However, a growing awareness of anti-Semitism, both before and during the First World War, ledhim gradually to identify with the Jewish community, and later to become an outspoken supporter of Zionism.Once more unpopularity did not stop him from speaking his mind. His theories came under attack; ananti-Einstein organization was even set up. One man was convicted of inciting others to murder Einstein (andfined a mere six dollars). But Einstein was phlegmatic. When a book was published entitled 100 AuthorsAgainst Einstein, he retorted, “If I were wrong, then one would have been enough!”
愛因斯坦第二個偉大的事業是猶太複國主義。雖然他在血統上是猶太人，但他拒絕《聖經》上關於上帝的說法。然而，第一次世界大戰之前和期間，他越發看清反猶主義，這導致他逐漸和猶太團體相認同，而後成為一個直言不諱的猶太複國主義的擁護者。再度不受歡迎也未能阻止他發表自己的主張。他的理論一發表就受到攻擊，甚至成立了一個反愛因斯坦的組織。有一個人被定罪為教唆他人去謀殺愛因斯坦（只罰了6美金）。但愛因斯坦是冷靜的：當一本書以題為《100個反愛因斯坦的作家》出版時，他反駁道：“如果真是我錯了的話，那麼一個人反對我就足夠了！”
In 1933, Hitler came to power. Einstein was in America, and declared he would not return to Germany. Then,while Nazi militia raided his house and confiscated his bank account, a Berlin newspaper displayed theheadline “Good News from Einstein – He’s Not Coming Back.” In the face of the Nazi threat, Einsteinrenounced pacifism, and eventually, fearing that German scientists would build a nuclear bomb, proposed thatthe United States should develop its own. But even before the first atomic bomb had been detonated, he waspublicly warning of the dangers of nuclear war and proposing international control of nuclear weaponry.
1933年，希特勒上臺了，愛因斯坦正在美國，他宣佈不再回德國。後來納粹義勇軍抄查了他的房子，並沒收了他的銀行帳號。一家柏林報紙的頭條寫道：“來自愛因斯坦的好消息——他不回來了。”面對著納粹的威脅，愛因斯坦放棄了和平主義，終於憂慮到德國科學家會製造核彈，因而建議美國應該發展自己的核彈。但是，即使在第一枚原子彈爆炸之前，他就曾經公開警告過核戰爭的危險，並提議對核武器進行國際控制。
Throughout his life, Einstein’s efforts toward peace probably achieved little that would last – and certainly wonhim few friends. His vocal support of the Zionist cause, however, was duly recognized in 1952, when he wasoffered the presidency of Israel. He declined, saying he thought he was too naive in politics. But perhaps hisreal reason was different: to quote him again, “Equations are more important to me, because politics is for thepresent, but an equation is something for eternity.”
貫穿愛因斯坦一生，他致力於和平的努力可能成效甚微——肯定只說服了很少的朋友。然而，他對猶太複國主義事業的口頭支持在1952年被及時承認，其時他被推薦為以色列的總統。但他謝絕了。他說他認為自己在政治上太天真。可是，也許其真正的原因卻並非如此，再次引用他自己的話：“方程對我而言更重要些，因為政治是為當前，而一個方程卻是一種永恆的東西。”
GALILEO GALILEI
伽利雷·伽利略
Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science. Hisrenowned conflict with the Catholic Church was central to his philosophy, for Galileo was one of the first toargue that man could hope to understand how the world works, and, moreover, that we could do this byobserving the real world.
伽利略可能比任何其他的人更有資格稱為近代科學的奠基人。其與天主教會名聞遐邇的衝突是他哲學的中心事件。這是因為伽利略是作如下論斷最早的人之一：人類有望理解世界是怎樣運行的，而且我們還能通過觀察現實世界來做到這一點。
Galileo had believed Copernican theory (that the planets orbited the sun) since early on, but it was only whenhe found the evidence needed to support the idea that he started to publicly support it. He wrote aboutCopernicus’s theory in Italian (not the usual academic Latin), and soon his views became widely supportedoutside the universities. This annoyed the Aristotelian professors, who united against him seeking to persuadethe Catholic Church to ban Copernicanism.
伽利略很早就相信哥白尼理論（即行星繞太陽公轉），但只有當他發現了證據來支持這一學說時，才公開表示支持。他用義大利文寫有關哥白尼理論的文章（沒有用普通的學院式拉丁文），並且他的觀點很快就廣泛地得到大學界之外的支援。這惹怒了亞里斯多德派的教授們，他們聯合起來反對他，並極力說服天主教會禁止哥白尼主義。
Galileo, worried by this, traveled to Rome to speak to the ecclesiastical authorities. He argued that the Biblewas not intended to tell us anything about scientific theories, and that it was usual to assume that, where theBible conflicted with common sense, it was being allegorical. But the Church was afraid of a scandal that mightundermine its fight against Protestantism, and so took repressive measures. It declared Copernicanism “falseand erroneous” in 1616, and commanded Galileo never again to “defend or hold” the doctrine. Galileoacquiesced.
伽利略為此而擔心，他趕到羅馬去向天主教權威當面申訴。他爭辯道，《聖經》並未試圖告訴我們任何關於科學理論的東西，通常都是假定，當《聖經》和常識發生矛盾時，就成為比喻。但是教會害怕這醜聞可能傷害它對新教徒的鬥爭，所以採取了鎮壓的手段。1616年，它宣佈哥白尼主義是“虛偽的、錯誤的”，並命令伽利略不准再“保衛或堅持”這一學說。伽利略勉強接受了。
In 1623, a longtime friend of Galileo’s became the Pope. Immediately Galileo tried to get the 1616 decreerevoked. He failed, but he did manage to get permission to write a book discussing both Aristotelian andCopernican theories, on two conditions: he would not take sides and would come to the conclusion that mancould in any case not determine how the world worked because God could bring about the same effects inways unimagined by man, who could not place restrictions on God’s omnipotence.
1623年，伽利略的一位長期朋友成為教皇。伽利略立即試圖為1616年的判決翻案。他失敗了，但他設法獲得了准許，在兩個前提下寫一本敘述亞里斯多德派和哥白尼派理論的書：他不能有傾向，同時要得出結論，人類在任何情況下都無法決定世界是如何運行的，因為上帝會以人類不能想像的方法來達到同樣的效果，而人類不能限制上帝的萬能。
The book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, was completed and published in 1632, with thefull backing of the censors – and was immediately greeted throughout Europe as a literary and philosophicalmasterpiece. Soon the Pope, realizing that people were seeing the book as a convincing argument in favor ofCopernicanism, regretted having allowed its publication. The Pope argued that although the book had theofficial blessing of the censors, Galileo had nevertheless contravened the 1616 decree. He brought Galileobefore the Inquisition, who sentenced him to house arrest for life and commanded him to publicly renounceCopernicanism. For a second time, Galileo acquiesced.
這本題為《關於兩個主要世界體系的對話》的書，於1632年在檢查官的全面支持下完成並出版了，並且立刻被全歐洲歡呼為文學和哲學的傑作。不久教皇就意識到，人們把這本書看作是確認哥白尼主義的論證，後悔允許該書出版。教皇指出，雖有檢查官正式批准出版該書，但伽利略依然違背了1616年的禁令。他把伽利略帶到宗教法庭面前，宣佈他終身軟禁，並命令他公開放棄哥白尼主義。伽利略又第二次被迫從命。
Galileo remained a faithful Catholic, but his belief in the independence of science had not been crushed. Fouryears before his death in 1642, while he was still under house arrest, the manuscript of his second major bookwas smuggled to a publisher in Holland. It was this work, referred to as Two New Sciences, even more than hissupport for Copernicus, that was to be the genesis of modern physics.
伽利略始終是一個忠實的天主教徒，但是他對科學獨立的信仰從來未被動搖過。1642年，即他逝世前4年，當他仍然被軟禁時，他第二本主要著作的手稿被私下交給一個荷蘭的出版商。正是這本被稱為《兩種新科學》的書，甚至比支持哥白尼更進一步，成為現代物理學的起源。
ISAAC NEWTON
伊薩克·牛頓
Isaac Newton was not a pleasant man. His relations with other academics were notorious, with most of his laterlife spent embroiled in heated disputes. Following publication of Principia Mathematica – surely the mostinfluential book ever written in physics – Newton had risen rapidly into public prominence. He was appointedpresident of the Royal Society and became the first scientist ever to be knighted.
伊薩克·牛頓不是一個討人喜歡的人物。他和其他院士的關係聲名狼藉。他晚年的大部分時間都是在激然的爭吵糾紛中渡過。隨著那部肯定是物理學有史以來最有影響的書——《數學原理》的出版，牛頓很快就成為名重一時的人物。他被任命為皇家學會主席，並成為第一個被授予爵士的科學家。
Newton soon clashed with the Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, who had earlier provided Newton withmuch-needed data for Principia, but was now withholding information that Newton wanted. Newton would nottake no for an answer: he had himself appointed to the governing body of the Royal Observatory and then triedto force imm ediate publication of the data. Eventually he arranged for Flamsteed’s work to be seized andprepared for publication by Flamsteed’s mortal enemy, Edmond Halley. But Flamsteed took the case to courtand, in the nick of time, won a court order preventing distribution of the stolen work. Newton was incensed andsought his revenge by systematically deleting all references to Flamsteed in later editions of Principia.
牛頓不久就與皇家天文學家約翰·夫萊姆斯梯德發生衝突。他早先曾提供牛頓許多《原理》一書所需的資料，後來他扣壓了牛頓需要的資料。牛頓是不許別人回答“不”字的，他自封為皇家天文臺的大總管，然後迫使立即出版這些資料。最後，他指使夫萊姆斯梯德的冤家對頭愛德蒙·哈雷奪得夫萊姆斯梯德的工作成果，並且準備出版。可是夫萊姆斯梯德告到法庭去，在最緊要關頭，贏得了法庭的判決：不得散發這剽竊的著作。牛頓被激怒了，作為報復，他就在後來的《原理》版本中系統地刪除所有來自夫萊姆斯梯德的引證。
A more serious dispute arose with the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz. Both Leibniz and Newton hadindependently developed a branch of mathematics called calculus, which underlies most of modern physics.Although we now know that Newton discovered calculus years before Leibniz, he published his work muchlater. A major row ensued over who had been first, with scientists vigorously defending both contenders. It isremarkable, however, that most of the articles appearing in defense of Newton were originally written by hisown hand – and only published in the name of friends! As the row grew, Leibniz made the mistake of appealingto the Royal Society to resolve the dispute. Newton, as president, appointed an “impartial” committee toinvestigate, coincidentally consisting entirely of Newton’s friends! But that was not all: Newton then wrote thecommittee’s report himself and had the Royal Society publish it, officially accusing Leibniz of plagiarism. Stillunsatisfied, he then wrote an anonymous review of the report in the Royal Society’s own periodical. Followingthe death of Leibniz, Newton is reported to have declared that he had taken great satisfaction in “breakingLeibniz’s heart.”
他和德國哲學家高特夫瑞德·萊布尼茲之間發生了更嚴重的爭吵。萊布尼茲和牛頓各自獨立地發展了叫做微積分的數學分支，它是大部分近代物理的基礎。雖然現在我們知道，牛頓發現微積分要比萊布尼茲早若干年，可是他很晚才出版他的著作。隨著關於誰是第一個發現者的嚴重爭吵的發生，科學家們激烈地為雙方作辯護。然而值得注意的是，大多數為牛頓辯護的文章均出自牛頓本人之手，只不過僅僅用朋友的名義出版而已！當爭論日趨激烈時，萊布尼茲犯了向皇家學會起訴來解決這一爭端的錯誤。牛頓作為其主席，指定了一個清一色的由牛頓的朋友組成的“公正的”委員會來審查此案。更有甚者後來牛頓自己寫了一個委員會報告，並讓皇家學會將其出版，正式地譴責萊布尼茲剽竊。牛頓還不滿意，他又在皇家學會自己的雜誌上寫了一篇匿名的、關於該報告的回顧。據報導，萊布尼茲死後，牛頓揚言他為傷透了萊布尼茲的心而洋洋得意。
During the period of these two disputes, Newton had already left Cambridge and academe. He had been activein anti-Catholic politics at Cambridge, and later in Parliament, and was rewarded eventually with the lucrativepost of Warden of the Royal Mint. Here he used his talents for deviousness and vitriol in a more sociallyacceptable way, successfully conducting a major campaign against counterfeiting, even sending several men totheir death on the gallows.
在這兩次爭吵期間，牛頓已經離開劍橋和學術。在劍橋他曾積極從事反天主教運動，後來在議會中也很活躍，最終作為酬報，他得到皇家造幣廠廠長的肥缺。在這裡，他以社會上更能接受的方式，施展他那狡獪和刻薄的能耐，成功地導演了一場反對偽幣的重大戰役，甚至將幾個人送上了絞刑架。
GLOSSARY
小辭典
Absolute zero： The lowest possible temperature, at which substances contain no heat energy
絕對零度：所能達到的最低的溫度，在這溫度下物體不包含熱能。
Acceleration： The rate at which the speed of an object is changing
加速度：物體速度改變的速率。
Anthropic principle： We see the universe the way it is because if it were different we would not be here to observe it
人擇原理：我們之所以看到宇宙是這個樣子，只是因為如果它不是這樣，我們就不會在這裡去觀察它。
Antiparticle： Each type of matter particle has a corresponding antiparticle. When a particle collides with its antiparticle, they annihilate, leaving only energy
反粒子：每個類型的物質粒子都有與其相對應的反粒子。當一個粒子和它的反粒子碰撞時，它們就湮滅，只留下能量。
Atom： The basic unit of ordinary matter, made up of a tiny nucleus (consisting of protons and neutrons) surrounded by orbiting electrons
原子：通常物質的基本單元，是由很小的核子（包括質子和中子）以及圍著它轉動的電子所構成。
Big bang： The singularity at the beginning of the universe
大爆炸：宇宙開端的奇點。
Big crunch： The singularity at the end of the universe
大擠壓：宇宙終結的奇點。
Black hole： A region of space-time from which nothing, not even light, can escape, because gravity is so strong
黑洞：空間-時間的一個區域，因為那兒的引力是如此之強，以至於任何東西，甚至光都不能從該處逃逸出來。
Casimir effect： The attractive pressure between two flat, parallel metal plates placed very near to each other in a vacuum. The pressure is due to a reduction in the usual number of virtual particles in the space between the plates
凱西米爾效應：在真空中兩片平行的平坦金屬板之間的吸引壓力。這種壓力是由平板之間空間中的虛粒子的數目比正常數目減小造成的。
Chandrasekhar limit： The maximum possible mass of a stable cold star, above which it must collapse into a black hole
強德拉塞卡極限：一個穩定的冷星的最大的可能的品質的臨界值，若比這品質更大的恒星，則會坍縮成一個黑洞。
Conservation of energy： The law of science that states that energy (or its equivalent in mass) can neither be created nor destroyed
能量守恆：關於能量（或它的等效品質）既不能產生也不能消滅的科學定律。
Coordinates： Numbers that specify the position of a point in space and time
座標：指定點在空間-時間中的位置的一組數。
Cosmological constant： A mathematical device used by Einstein to give space-time an inbuilt tendency to expand
宇宙常數：愛因斯坦所用的一個數學方法，該方法使空間-時間有一固有的膨脹傾向。
Cosmology： The study of the universe as a whole
宇宙學：對整個宇宙的研究。
Dark matter： Matter in galaxies, clusters, and possibly between clusters, that can not be observed directly but can be detected by its gravitational effect. As much as 90 percent of the mass of the universe may be in the form of dark matter
暗物質：存在於星系、星系團以及也許在星系團之間的，不能被直接觀測到，但是能用它的引力效應檢測到的物質。宇宙物質的90％可能採取暗物質的形態。
Duality： A correspondence between apparently different theories that lead to the same physical results
對偶性：在表觀上非常不同但是導致相同物理結果的理論之間的對應。
Einstein-Rosen bridge： A thin tube of space-time linking two black holes. Also see Wormhole
愛因斯坦-羅森橋：連接兩個黑洞的時空的細管。參見蟲洞。
Electric charge： A property of a particle by which it may repel (or attract) other particles that have a charge of similar (or opposite) sign
電荷：粒子的一個性質，有這種性質的粒子排斥（或吸引）其他與之帶相同（或相反）符號電荷的粒子。
Electromagnetic force： The force that arises between particles with electric charge; the second strongest of the four fundamental forces
電磁力：帶電荷的粒子之間的相互作用力，它是四種基本力中第二強的力。
Electron： A particle with negative electric charge that orbits the nucleus of an atom
電子：帶有負電荷並繞著一個原子核轉動的粒子。
Electroweak unification energy： The energy (around 100 GeV) above which the distinction between the electromagnetic force and the weak force disappears
弱電統一能量：大約為100吉電子伏的能量，在比這能量更大時，電磁力和弱力之間的差別消失。
Elementary particle： A particle that, it is believed, cannot be subdivided
基本粒子：被認為不可能再分的粒子。
Event： A point in space-time, specified by its time and place
事件：由它的時間和空間所指定的空間-時間中的一點。
Event horizon： The boundary of a black hole
事件視界：黑洞的邊界。
Exclusion principle： The idea that two identical spin-1/2 particles cannot have (within the limits set by the uncertainty principle) both the same position and the same velocity
不相容原理：兩個相同的自旋為1／2的粒子（在測不准原理設定的極限之內）不能同時具有相同的位置和速度。
Field： Something that exists throughout space and time, as opposed to a particle that exists at only one point at a time
場：某種充滿空間和時間的東西，與它相反的是在一個時刻，只存在於空間-時間中的一點的粒子。
Frequency： For a wave, the number of complete cycles per second
頻率：對一個波而言，在1秒鐘內完整迴圈的次數。
Gamma rays： Electromagnetic rays of very short wavelength, produced in radio-active decay or by collisions of elementary particles
伽瑪射線：波長非常短的電磁波，是由放射性衰變或由基本粒子碰撞產生的。
General relativity： Einstein’s theory based on the idea that the laws of science should be the same for all observers, no matter how they are moving. It explains the force of gravity in terms of the curvature of a four-dimensional space-time
廣義相對論：愛因斯坦的基於科學定律對所有的觀察者（而不管他們如何運動的）必須是相同的觀念的理論。它將引力按照四維空間-時間的曲率來解釋。
Geodesic： The shortest (or longest) path between two points
測地線：兩點之間最短（或最長）的道路。
Grand unification energy： The energy above which, it is believed, the electro-magnetic force, weak force, and strong force become indistinguishable from each other
大統一能量：人們相信，在比這能量更大時，電磁力、弱力和強力之間的差別消失。
Grand unified theory (GUT)： A theory which unifies the electromagnetic, strong, and weak forces
大統一理論（GUT）：一種統一電磁、強和弱力的理論。
Imaginary time： Time measured using imaginary numbers
虛時間：用虛數測量的時間。
Light cone： A surface in space-time that marks out the possible directions for light rays passing through a given event
光錐：空間-時間中的面，在上面標出光通過一給定事件的可能方向。
Light-second (light-year)： The distance traveled by light in one second (year)
光秒（光年）：光在1秒（1年）時間裡走過的距離。
Magnetic field： The field responsible for magnetic forces, now incorporated along with the electric field, into the electromagnetic field
磁場：引起磁力的場，和電場合併成電磁場。
Mass： The quantity of matter in a body; its inertia, or resistance to acceleration
品質：物體中物質的量；它的慣性，或對加速的抵抗。
Microwave background radiation： The radiation from the glowing of the hot early universe, now so greatly red-shifted that it appears not as light but as microwaves (radio waves with a wavelength of a few centimeters) Also see COBE, on page 145
微波背景輻射：起源於早期宇宙的灼熱的輻射，現在它受到如此大的紅移，以至於不以光而以微波（波長為幾釐米的無線電波）的形式呈現出來。
Naked singularity： A space-time singularity not surrounded by a black hole
裸奇點：不被黑洞圍繞的空間-時間奇點。
Neutrino： An extremely light (possibly massless) particle that is affected only by the weak force and gravity
中微子：只受弱力和引力作用的極輕的（可能是無品質的）基本物質粒子。
Neutron： An uncharged particle, very similar to the proton, which accounts for roughly half the particles in an atomic nucleus
中子：一種不帶電的、和質子非常類似的粒子，在大多數原子核中大約一半的粒子是中子。
Neutron star： A cold star, supported by the exclusion principle repulsion between neutrons
中子星：一種由中子之間的不相容原理排斥力所支持的冷的恒星。
No boundary condition： The idea that the universe is finite but has no boundary (in imaginary time)
無邊界條件：宇宙是有限的但無界的（在虛時間裡）思想。
Nuclear fusion： The process by which two nuclei collide and coalesce to form a single, heavier nucleus
核聚變：兩個核碰撞併合並成一個更重的核的過程。
Nucleus： The central part of an atom, consisting only of protons and neutrons, he ld together by the strong force
核：原子的中心部份，只包括由強作用力將其束縛在一起的質子和中子。
Particle accelerator： A machine that, using electromagnets, can accelerate moving charged particles, giving them more energy
粒子加速器：一種利用電磁鐵能將運動的帶電粒子加速，並給它們更多能量的機器。
Phase： For a wave, the position in its cycle at a specified time： a measure of whether it is at a crest, a trough, or somewhere in between
相位：一個波在特定的時刻的在它迴圈中的位置--一種它是否在波峰、波谷或它們之間的某點的標度。
Photon： A quantum of light
光子：光的一個量子。
Planck’s quantum principle： The idea that light (or any other classical waves) can be emitted or absorbed only in discrete quanta, whose energy is proportional to their wavelength
普朗克量子原理：光（或任何其他經典的波）只能被發射或吸收其能量與它們頻率成比例的分立的量子的思想。
Positron： The (positively charged) antiparticle of the electron
正電子：電子的反粒子（帶正電荷）。
Primordial black hole： A black hole created in the very early universe
太初黑洞：在極早期宇宙中產生的黑洞。
Proportional： ‘X is proportional to Y’ means that when Y is multiplied by any number, so is X. ‘X is inversely proportional to Y’ means that when Y is multiplied by any number, X is divided by that number
比例：“X比例於Y”表示當Y被乘以任何數時，X也如此；“X反比例於Y”，表示，當Y被乘以任何數時，X被同一個數除。
Proton： A positively charged particle, very similar to the neutron, that accounts for roughly half the particles in the nucleus of most atoms
質子：構成大多數原子中的核中大約一半數量的、帶正電的粒子。
Pulsar： A rotating neutron star that emits regular pulses of radio waves
脈衝星：一種發出常規脈衝和無線電波的旋轉的中子星。
Quantum： The indivisible unit in which waves may be emitted or absorbed
量子：波可被發射或吸收的不可分的單位。
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)： The theory that describes the interactions of quarks and gluons
量子色動力學(QCD)：一個描述誇克和膠子之間強相互作用的標準動力學理論。
Quantum mechanics： The theory developed from Planck’s quantum principle and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
量子力學：從普郎克量子原理和海森堡不確定性原理發展而來的理論。
Quark： A (charged) elementary particle that feels the strong force. Protons and neutrons are each composed of three quarks
誇克：感受強作用力的帶電的基本粒子。每一個質子和中子都是由三個誇克組成。
Radar： A system using pulsed radio waves to detect the position of objects by measuring the time it takes a single pulse to reach the object and be reflected back
雷達：利用脈衝無線電波的單獨脈衝到達目標並折回的時間間隔來測量物件位置的系統。
Radioactivity： The spontaneous breakdown of one type of atomic nucleus into another
放射性：一種類型的原子核自動分裂成其他的核。
Red shift： The reddening of light from a star that is moving away from us, due to the Doppler effect
紅移：由於多普勒效應，從離開我們而去的恒星發出的光線的紅化。
Singularity： A point in space-time at which the space-time curvature becomes infinite
奇點：空間-時間中空間-時間曲率變成無窮大的點。
Singularity theorem： A theorem that shows that a singularity must exist under certain circumstances – in particular, that the universe must have started with a singularity
奇點定理：這定理是說，在一定情形下奇點必須存在--特別是宇宙必須開始於一個奇點。
Space-time： The four-dimensional space whose points are events
時空：四維的空間，上面的點即為事件。
Spatial dimension： Any of the three dimensions that are spacelike – that is, any except the time dimension
空間的維：空間-時間的類空的、也就是除了時間的維之外的三維的任一維。
Special relativity： Einstein’s theory based on the idea that the laws of science should be the same for all observers, no matter how they are moving, in the absence of gravitational phenomena
狹義相對論：愛因斯坦的基於科學定律對所有進行自由運動的觀察者（不論他們的運動速度）必須相同的觀念。
Spectrum： The component frequencies that make up a wave. The visible part of the sun’s spectrum can be seen in a rainbow
譜：諸如電磁波對它的分量頻率的分解。
Spin： An internal property of elementary particles, related to, but not identical to, the everyday concept of spin
自旋：相關于但不等同於日常的自轉概念的基本粒子的內部性質。
Stationary state： One that is not changing with time： a sphere spinning at a constant rate is stationary because it looks identical at any given instant
穩態：不隨時間變化的態：一個以固定速率自轉的球是穩定的，因為即便它不是靜止的，在任何時刻它看起來都是等同的。
String theory： A theory of physics in which particles are described as waves on strings. Strings have length but no other dimension
弦理論：物理學的一種理論，其中粒子被描述成弦上的波。弦只有長度，但是沒有其他維。
Strong force： The strongest of the four fundamental forces, with the shortest range of all. It holds the quarks together within protons and neutrons, and holds the protons and neutrons together to form atoms
強力：四種基本力中最強的、作用距離最短的一種力。它在質子和中子中將誇克束縛在一起，並將質子和中子束縛在一起形成原子。
Uncertainty principle： The principle, formulated by Heisenberg, that one can never be exactly sure of both the position and the velocity of a particle; the more accurately one knows the one, the less accurately one can know the other
不確定性原理：人們永遠不能同時準確知道粒子的位置和速度；對其中一個知道得越精確，則對另一個就知道得越不準確。
Virtual particle： In quantum mechanics, a particle that can never be directly detected, but whose existence does have measurable effects
虛粒子：在量子力學中，一種永遠不能直接檢測到的，但其存在確實具有可測量效應的粒子。
Wave/particle duality： The concept in quantum mechanics that there is no distinction between waves and particles; particles may sometimes behave like waves, and waves like particles
波/粒二象性：量子力學中的概念，是說在波動和粒子之間沒有區別；粒子有時可以像波動一樣行為，而波動有時可以像粒子一樣行為。
Wavelength： For a wave, the distance between two adjacent troughs or two adjacent crests
波長：對於一個波，在兩相鄰波谷或波峰之間的距離。
Weak force： The second weakest of the four fundamental forces, with a very short range. It affects all matter particles, but not force-carrying particles
弱力：四種基本力中第二弱的、作用距離非常短的一種力。它作用於所有物質粒子，而不作用於攜帶力的粒子。
Weight： The force exerted on a body by a gravitational field. It is proportional to, but not the same as, its mass
重量：引力場作用到物體上的力。它和品質成比例，但又不同於品質。
White dwarf： A stable cold star, supported by the exclusion principle repulsion between electrons
白矮星：一種由電子之間不相容原理排斥力所支持的穩定的冷的恒星。
Wormhole： A thin tube of space-time connecting distant regions of the universe. Wormholes might also link to parallel or baby universes and could provide the possibility of time travel.
蟲洞：連接宇宙遙遠區域間的時空細管。蟲洞也可以把平行的宇宙或者嬰兒宇宙連接起來，並提供時間旅行的可能性。
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