Feedstuffs are the basis for the production of safe foodstuffs of animal origin. Despite the low water activity (aw), however, compound feed can always be contaminated with pathogenic germs. The highest risk for contamination of feed is from Salmonella spp. Special components, such as meal from oil seeds and protein feed of animal origin are considered as high-risk feed.
飼料是生產安全食用動物的基礎。 儘管水活度（aw， 表示飼料中所含的水分作為生物化學反應和微生物生長的可用價值）低， 但複合飼料總是會被致病菌污染。 飼料最容易受到沙門氏菌的污染。 一些特殊成分， 如來自油料種子的成分和動物性蛋白飼料就屬於高危飼料。
More than 80% of Salmonella reports in the European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) can be traced back to these components. Besides Salmonella spp. the contamination with other pathogens such asClostridium perfringensorListeria monocytogenesare also found in compound feed. These organisms can survive long periods in feed, due to the nutrients and moist content of the feed. When contaminated feed is consumed, pathogenic microorganisms can be transferred to the animals, which is documented as Salmonella in different studies for different animal species.
歐洲食品和飼料快速預警系統（RASFF）顯示， 超過80％的沙門氏菌病例報告可以追溯到上面那些飼料成分。 除了沙門氏菌， 其他病原體如產氣莢膜梭菌或單核細胞增生李斯特氏菌污染複合飼料的情況也時有發生。 由於飼料中含有豐富的營養成分和水分，
Economic importance
When infected animals are slaughtered and further processed, the pathogens can enter the human food chain and thus initiate an infection chain from animals to humans.The legal framework established by the EU (EC regulation on control of Salmonella and other zoonotic agents) and the feed hygiene regulation give feed producers the responsibility for the safety of feed. It clearly states that contaminated feedstuffs must be withdrawn from the market and that the costs of eliminating feedstuffs must be borne by the manufacturer. However, if an effective decontamination of the feed can be demonstrated, further processing is possible. On 13 December 2016, the FEFAC workshop “Salmonella Risk Management in Feed” took place in Paris, where the importance of feed hygiene was once again addressed. Recent research, among others at the AGES in Austria, also reveal the need for more work into this topic.
重要的經濟價值
當被感染的動物在屠宰和進一步加工處理時， 這些病原體就進入了人類的食物鏈， 從而感染人類。 歐盟制定的法律條款（歐共體關於沙門氏菌和其他人獸共患病控制規定）和飼料衛生條例規定飼料生產者應該對飼料的安全性負責。 這些法律法規明確指出， 污染的飼料必須從市場上撤回， 撤回的成本必須由生產商承擔。 然而， 如果可以證明受污染的飼料可以被有效淨化， 則可以進行進一步處理。 2016年12月13日， 巴黎舉行的FEFAC培訓班“飼料中的沙門氏菌的風險管理”，
Do organic acids control Salmonella?
Salmonellais the main zoonotic agent transmitted fromcontaminated porkto humans.That is why its control is addressed as afood safety issue.On-farm control success is limited by the complex epidemiology and the lack of any particular effective interventions. Organic acids are popular among on-farm alternatives to control Salmonella. Their efficacy is affected by factors such as the acid and the concentration chosen or the duration of the treatment.
有機酸可以控制沙門氏菌嗎？
沙門氏菌病是一種可以從被污染豬肉傳播給人類的人畜共患病。 因此控制沙門氏桿菌被看做是一個解決食物安全的問題。 農場對沙門氏菌的控制受到複雜的流行病學及缺乏特定有效預防措施等的限制。 在控制沙門氏菌的抗生素替代品中， 有機酸頗受歡迎。 它們的作用效果受到有機酸種類、濃度、使用時間等因素的影響。
On-farm control of Salmonella can include different strategies. The use of organic acids, either in feed or water, is one of the most popular. Short-chain (for instance, butyric or propionic) and middle-chain (caproic or caprilic) organic acids and other organic acids such as lactic or formic acid are able to improve gut health by their antibacterial activity against pathogens such as Salmonella. They also improve the conditions for beneficial microbiota (lactic-acid bacteria), which competes directly for the intestinal niche with the pathogen.
農場控制沙門氏菌的方法有很多， 其中在飼料或者飲水中添加有機酸是最受養殖戶歡迎額方法之一。 短鏈（例如丁酸或丙酸）、中鏈（己酸或己二酸）有機酸和其他有機酸（如乳酸或甲酸）能夠通過抑制沙門氏菌等病原體的活性來改善腸道健康。
Factors that affect the efficacy of organic acids against Salmonella:
Acid used: Not all the acids have the same effect. Research studies highlight that butyric, propionic or formic acid effectively reduce Salmonella levels while the same or other studies point out that other acids, principally acetic acid, have no beneficial effect against Salmonella.
影響有機酸對沙門氏菌抑菌效果的因素：
酸種類：並不是所有的酸都具有相同的效果。 研究表明， 丁酸、丙酸、甲酸可有效降低沙門氏菌水準。 其他酸， 主要是乙酸， 對沙門氏菌並無抑制作用。
Presentation: Commercial products usually encapsulate the acid or mix of acids included in the formulation. Some of these products also include other compounds, such as essential oils, other antimicrobials, etc. The inclusion of these compounds and the encapsulation may boost the effect of the product.
狀態：商業產品通常把酸包封起來或飼料配方中包含酸的混合物。 這類產品中通常還包括其他化合物， 例如精油或其他抗微生物劑等。 這些化合物和包封劑也可增強有機酸產品的效果。
Concentration: Concentration used is one of the key factors. The higher the concentration, the better the results. For instance, a study combining formic-propionic acids was effective reducing Salmonella shedding in feed when the product was used at 1.2 percent, but not when it was administered at 0.8 percent. The limitation of using higher concentrations is that cost is increased and the intervention could not be feasible from an economic point of view.
濃度：使用濃度是影響使用效果的關鍵因素之一。
Treatment duration: Treatment duration is the other key factor. The right combination duration-concentration will determine the success or failure of the intervention. In general, short treatment periods (between 2 weeks and 4 weeks) have yielded poor results. Studies using propionic, formic, butyric or a mix of acids at a concentration between 0.3 percent and 2 percent for prolonged periods (between 6 and 12 weeks) could decrease the percentage of pigs shedding Salmonella in feces.
處理時間：處理時間是另一個關鍵因素。 正確的集中使用時間將決定使用有機酸處理結果的成敗。 一般來說， 使用時間短（2周至4周）的療效差。 有研究使用丙酸、甲酸、丁酸或混合酸， 濃度為0.3％至2％延長處理時間（6至12周）， 結果顯示糞便中沙門氏菌脫落的百分比降低。
Salmonella serotype: In contrast to vaccines, the effect of organic acids is not serotype-dependent.
沙門氏菌血清型：與疫苗不同的是， 有機酸的作用效果是不受血清型影響的。
Cost-benefit analysis of use of organic acids
First of all, it must be noted that despite the infection in most of occasions subclinical, there is a lower performance of infected pigs compared to Salmonella-free pigs. For instance, in a study in grower pigs, feed conversion efficiency (Kg/Kg) (FCE) was 1.88 and 1.66 in Salmonella-infected and Salmonella-free animals, respectively. Cost-benefit analysis in different commercial products revealed interesting data. Using these products at the recommended rates, FCE was improved in pigs with the acid diet compared to the control diet, together with a better cost of feed per Kg of live weight gain (EUR0.89 in the control feed and EUR0.84 in the feed supplemented with the acid).
使用有機酸的成本效益分析
首先， 必須指出， 儘管大多數的豬呈亞臨床性感染，
Organic acids as a strategy
Organic acids are one of the strategies offered to control and reduce Salmonella levels on the farm. The market offers lots of products with different combinations of organic acids. The right dose and treatment duration are essential for success, but acids need other on-farm interventions related to hygiene, biosecurity and management to reduce Salmonella to negligible levels.
有機酸作為控制手段
有機酸是控制和減少農場沙門氏菌水準的手段之一， 市面上有很多不同組合的有機酸的產品。 正確的劑量和處理時間對於成功控制沙門氏菌至關重要。 但除了使用有機酸， 農場也要採取保證衛生和生物安全等的相關措施， 從而將沙門氏菌降低到可忽略的水準。
A combination of hydrothermal treatment and the use of organic acids can successfully de-contaminate feed. This was shown by research from the German Research Institute of Feed Technology.
水熱處理法結合有機酸的使用可有效淨化被污染的飼料。該方法已經被德國飼料技術研究所的研究證實。
Current research
At the IFF Research Institute of Feed Technology, a multi-stage industry research project for hygienisation is being carried out using a combination of hydrothermal treatment and various organic acid preparations. A total of 15 project partners in the field of feed production, plant construction, additive production as well as an association of value chain in Germany have decided together with the IFF Research Institute to continue the research in this area. The fact that additional financial support from the Victam Foundation was granted once again points out the importance of hygienisation in the feed industry, not only in Germany.
目前的研究
在IFF飼料技術研究所，為了達到飼料衛生標準，正在進行一項關於水熱處理和各種有機酸製劑組合應用的多階段行業研究項目。在德國，飼料生產、工廠建設、添加劑生產以及價值鏈協會等總共有15個項目合作夥伴與IFF研究所一起繼續深入研究這一領域。事實上，來自Victam基金會的額外財政支持再次表明了衛生保健在飼料行業的重要性，這不僅限於德國。
In the first project section, the treatment of two mash compound feeds (broiler feed and laying hen feed) and a single feedstuff (rapeseed meal) are carried out in order to assess different buffer effects (between 740 and 2,150 mEq/kg) on the efficacy of the treatment. Since the Research Institute is not allowed to infect Salmonella-free feedstuff artificially with Salmonella or work with naturally Salmonella-contaminated feedstuffs, the individual feedstuffs are inoculated with a suitable a-pathogenic test germ from the family of Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coliDSM 498).
在第一個專案部分，為了評估不同緩衝效應（740和2150 mEq/kg之間）的處理效果，對兩種混合飼料（肉雞飼料和產蛋雞飼料）和單一飼料（菜籽粉）進行處理。由於研究所不允許用沙門氏菌人工感染無沙門氏菌的飼料或使用自然條件下受到沙門氏菌污染的飼料，所以從腸桿菌科（大腸桿菌DSM 498）中選擇合適的致病菌來接種飼料。
This test organism according to current knowledge has a similar degradation behaviour as pathogenic Salmonella in hydrothermal and/or chemical stress. The contaminated batches are treated hydrothermically at different treatment temperatures or with additional use of 85% formic acid or one of three acid preparations, which are added during the conditioning. The acid preparations are two liquid products and a powdered product, which are m ade available by the manufacturers and are used in dosage rates between 0.1 and 2.5% as required by the project partners. The effectiveness of the treatment is microbiologically examined at defined times between one day and 12 weeks.
根據當前知識，該測試中的致病菌與致病性沙門氏菌在水熱或化學刺激條件下具有與相似的降解行為。接種病原菌的飼料分別在不同的處理溫度下進行水熱處理，或者再使用85％甲酸或其他酸性製劑。研究中的酸性製劑為兩種液體產品和一種粉末產品，分別由生產商提供，並且按照項目合作夥伴的要求以0.1%至2.5％的劑量使用。通過在限定時間（1天至12周）內進行微生物學檢查來判定處理的是否有效。
Results so far
The results obtained so far suggest that a combined approach of hydrothermic/mechanical treatment and the simultaneous use of organic acid preparations during conditioning (de-pending on their dosage) brings various advantages compared to a solely hydrothermical mechanical treatment. Depending on the dosage of the acid preparations, the liquid products show, as expected, a markedly better effect than the acid adsorbate on direct comparison, with which the same results are achieved in some cases only after a considerably extended exposure time.
目前的結果
迄今為止所獲得的結果表明，如預期的那樣，相比單獨使用水熱或機械處理，水熱或機械處理同時結合有機酸製劑（劑量未定）的使用具有很多的優點。這取決於有機酸的劑量，正如預期，液體有機酸的使用效果明顯比酸吸附劑要好很多。因為酸吸附劑要處理更長的時間才能達到液體有機酸製劑相同的結果。
Even after cooling/drying the treated feed, a contamination of the feed seems to be prevented by the use of organic acid preparations during the hydrothermal treatment, which could make an additional preservation of the feed unnecessary. An in-depth implementation and further development of the obtained findings will be taken up in a follow-up project after completion of the current research project.
即使在冷卻/乾燥處理過的飼料之後，在水熱處理期間似乎也可以通過使用有機酸製劑來防止飼料的污染，這可以進一步幫助我們保存飼料。在完成目前的研究專案後，將在後續工作中對所獲得的結果進行深入實施和進一步發展。
A combination of hydrothermal treatment and the use of organic acids can successfully de-contaminate feed. This was shown by research from the German Research Institute of Feed Technology.
水熱處理法結合有機酸的使用可有效淨化被污染的飼料。該方法已經被德國飼料技術研究所的研究證實。
Current research
At the IFF Research Institute of Feed Technology, a multi-stage industry research project for hygienisation is being carried out using a combination of hydrothermal treatment and various organic acid preparations. A total of 15 project partners in the field of feed production, plant construction, additive production as well as an association of value chain in Germany have decided together with the IFF Research Institute to continue the research in this area. The fact that additional financial support from the Victam Foundation was granted once again points out the importance of hygienisation in the feed industry, not only in Germany.
目前的研究
在IFF飼料技術研究所，為了達到飼料衛生標準，正在進行一項關於水熱處理和各種有機酸製劑組合應用的多階段行業研究項目。在德國，飼料生產、工廠建設、添加劑生產以及價值鏈協會等總共有15個項目合作夥伴與IFF研究所一起繼續深入研究這一領域。事實上，來自Victam基金會的額外財政支持再次表明了衛生保健在飼料行業的重要性，這不僅限於德國。
In the first project section, the treatment of two mash compound feeds (broiler feed and laying hen feed) and a single feedstuff (rapeseed meal) are carried out in order to assess different buffer effects (between 740 and 2,150 mEq/kg) on the efficacy of the treatment. Since the Research Institute is not allowed to infect Salmonella-free feedstuff artificially with Salmonella or work with naturally Salmonella-contaminated feedstuffs, the individual feedstuffs are inoculated with a suitable a-pathogenic test germ from the family of Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coliDSM 498).
在第一個專案部分，為了評估不同緩衝效應（740和2150 mEq/kg之間）的處理效果，對兩種混合飼料（肉雞飼料和產蛋雞飼料）和單一飼料（菜籽粉）進行處理。由於研究所不允許用沙門氏菌人工感染無沙門氏菌的飼料或使用自然條件下受到沙門氏菌污染的飼料，所以從腸桿菌科（大腸桿菌DSM 498）中選擇合適的致病菌來接種飼料。
This test organism according to current knowledge has a similar degradation behaviour as pathogenic Salmonella in hydrothermal and/or chemical stress. The contaminated batches are treated hydrothermically at different treatment temperatures or with additional use of 85% formic acid or one of three acid preparations, which are added during the conditioning. The acid preparations are two liquid products and a powdered product, which are m ade available by the manufacturers and are used in dosage rates between 0.1 and 2.5% as required by the project partners. The effectiveness of the treatment is microbiologically examined at defined times between one day and 12 weeks.
根據當前知識，該測試中的致病菌與致病性沙門氏菌在水熱或化學刺激條件下具有與相似的降解行為。接種病原菌的飼料分別在不同的處理溫度下進行水熱處理，或者再使用85％甲酸或其他酸性製劑。研究中的酸性製劑為兩種液體產品和一種粉末產品，分別由生產商提供，並且按照項目合作夥伴的要求以0.1%至2.5％的劑量使用。通過在限定時間（1天至12周）內進行微生物學檢查來判定處理的是否有效。
Results so far
The results obtained so far suggest that a combined approach of hydrothermic/mechanical treatment and the simultaneous use of organic acid preparations during conditioning (de-pending on their dosage) brings various advantages compared to a solely hydrothermical mechanical treatment. Depending on the dosage of the acid preparations, the liquid products show, as expected, a markedly better effect than the acid adsorbate on direct comparison, with which the same results are achieved in some cases only after a considerably extended exposure time.
目前的結果
迄今為止所獲得的結果表明，如預期的那樣，相比單獨使用水熱或機械處理，水熱或機械處理同時結合有機酸製劑（劑量未定）的使用具有很多的優點。這取決於有機酸的劑量，正如預期，液體有機酸的使用效果明顯比酸吸附劑要好很多。因為酸吸附劑要處理更長的時間才能達到液體有機酸製劑相同的結果。
Even after cooling/drying the treated feed, a contamination of the feed seems to be prevented by the use of organic acid preparations during the hydrothermal treatment, which could make an additional preservation of the feed unnecessary. An in-depth implementation and further development of the obtained findings will be taken up in a follow-up project after completion of the current research project.
即使在冷卻/乾燥處理過的飼料之後，在水熱處理期間似乎也可以通過使用有機酸製劑來防止飼料的污染，這可以進一步幫助我們保存飼料。在完成目前的研究專案後，將在後續工作中對所獲得的結果進行深入實施和進一步發展。