獨立主格結構是由一個相當於主語的名詞或代詞加上非謂語動詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語構成的一種獨立主格成分。 With( without) 的複合結構可以看作是獨立主格結構中的一種形式。
一、獨立主格結構的特點
1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同， 它獨立存在。
2）名詞或代詞與後面的分詞， 形容詞， 副詞， 不定式， 介詞等是主謂關係。
3）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
4） 當表示人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時， 及物動詞用現在分詞， 不及物動詞用過去分詞
二、獨立主格結構的構成:
名詞普通格或代詞主格 + 現在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語。
1．名詞（或代詞） + 現在分詞
現在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動進行的動作或狀態。
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
注意：現在分詞being或having been在獨立主格結構中可以省略。
The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing.
獨立主格結構中的being在下列兩種情況下一般不能省略， 一是在“There being + 名詞”結構中，
二是在邏輯主語是代詞的情況下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.
2．名詞（或代詞） + 不定式（短語）
不定式表示將來的動作。 He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
3．名詞（或代詞） + 過去分詞
過去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動完成的動作。
The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head.
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
4．名詞（或代詞） + 形容詞（短語）
形容詞（短語）在獨立主格結構中說明前面名詞或代詞的性質、狀態
The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
5．名詞（或代詞） + 副詞
副詞在獨立主格結構中也多是說明名詞或代詞的狀態。
The meeting over, we all went home.
School over, we all went home.
6．名詞（或代詞） + 介詞短語
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. He left the office, tears in eyes.
注意：在“邏輯主語+介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構裡， 當介詞是in時， 其前後的兩個名詞均不加任何修飾成分。 但with 的複合結構不受此限制。
例如：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
三、獨立主格結構的作用： 多用作狀語
1.表示時間
His homework done（=After his homework was done）， Mary decided to go shopping.
2.表示原因 There being no buses（=Because there were no buses）， we had to walk home.
3.表示條件 Weather permitting（=If weather permits）， we’ll go to play basketball.
4.表示方式或伴隨 He sat at the table, head down.
動詞不定式表示動作沒有發生或即將發生，
動詞-ed形式表示動作已經結束，
動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進行。
The manager looks worried， many things to be settled.
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
The man lay there, his hands trembling.
四、With( without) 的複合結構的構成以及句法功能
（一）、with / without +賓語+賓語補足語構成複合結構的幾種情況:
1. with+名詞/代詞+形容詞
He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.
= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.
注意:在“with+名詞/代詞+形容詞”構成的獨立主格結構中， 也可用已形容詞化的-ing形式或-ed形式.
With his son so disappointing， the old man felt unhappy.
With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.
2. with+名詞/代詞+副詞
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.
3. with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.
= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
4. with+名詞/代詞+動詞過去分詞
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
5. with+名詞/代詞+現在分詞
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.
6. with+名詞/代詞+動詞不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
（二）、With (without) 的複合結構的句法功能：
定語和狀語
1. There is a magazine with a modern girl on its cover. (定語)
2. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. (伴隨狀語)
3.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.（原因狀語）
4.With the signal given, the train started.
= After the signal was given, the train started. （時間狀語）